N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)Pentanamide, a Simplified Derivative of Albendazole, Displays Anthelmintic Properties against the Nematode Toxocara canis.

Infections caused by parasitic helminths have enormous health, social, and economic impacts worldwide. The treatment and control of these diseases have been dependent on a limited set of drugs, many of which have become less effective, necessitating the search for novel anthelmintic agents. In this study, a simplified compound, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pentanamide (N4MP), based on the structure of the most widely used anthelmintic (albendazole), was chemically prepared using 4-anisidine and pentanoic acid. N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)pentanamide was evaluated in vitro against the nematode Toxocara canis, an ascarid roundworm of animals that can infect humans. Similar to albendazole, bioassays showed that N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pentanamide affected the viability of parasites in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pentanamide showed a profile of lower cytotoxicity to human and animal cell lines than albendazole. Pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry friendliness studies demonstrated an excellent drug-likeness profile for N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pentanamide as well as an adherence to major pharmaceutical companies' filters. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate that the molecular simplification of albendazole to give N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pentanamide may be an important pipeline in the discovery of novel anthelmintic agents. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by parasitic helminths have enormous health, social, and economic impacts worldwide. The treatment and control of these diseases have been dependent on a limited set of drugs, many of which have become less effective, necessitating the search for novel anthelmintic agents. Considering this scenario, the present study reports the preparation of N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pentanamide (N4MP), a simplified molecule based on the structure of the most widely used anthelmintic (albendazole). N4MP was evaluated in vitro against the nematode Toxocara canis, a common ascarid roundworm of domestic animals that can infect humans. Similar to albendazole, bioassays showed that N4MP affected the viability of parasites in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but displayed a profile of lower cytotoxicity to human and animal cell lines than albendazole. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the molecular simplification of albendazole to give N4MP may be an important pipeline in the discovery of novel anthelmintic agents.

Screening of Strongyloides infection using an ELISA test in transplant candidates.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperinfection or disseminated strongyloidiasis has been frequently reported after transplants and is related to high mortality. This study aimed to screen for strongyloidiasis using serological diagnoses in transplant candidates. METHODS: An ELISA test was performed with filariform larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis as a source of antigen. RESULTS: In the serum from transplant candidates, anti-Strongyloides IgG antibodies were detected in 35/150 (23.3%) samples by soluble fractions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 31/150 (20.7%) samples by soluble fractions in Tris-HCl, 27/150 (18.0%) samples by membrane fractions in PBS and 22/150 (14.7%) samples by membrane fractions in Tris-HCl. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest the ELISA test, ideally using soluble fractions of filariform larvae S. venezuelensis in PBS, as an additional strategy for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in transplant candidates.

Screening of Strongyloides infection using an ELISA test in transplant candidates

OBJECTIVES: Hyperinfection or disseminated strongyloidiasis has been frequently reported after transplants and is related to high mortality. This study aimed to screen for strongyloidiasis using serological diagnoses in transplant candidates. METHODS: An ELISA test was performed with filariform larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis as a source of antigen. RESULTS: In the serum from transplant candidates, anti-Strongyloides IgG antibodies were detected in 35/150 (23.3%) samples by soluble fractions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 31/150 (20.7%) samples by soluble fractions in Tris-HCl, 27/150 (18.0%) samples by membrane fractions in PBS and 22/150 (14.7%) samples by membrane fractions in Tris-HCl. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest the ELISA test, ideally using soluble fractions of filariform larvae S. venezuelensis in PBS, as an additional strategy for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in transplant candidates.

Survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in sugar cane used to prepare juice.

Chagas disease can be transmitted to man by many different means, including contact with infected triatomine feces, blood transfusion, laboratory accidents, organ transplants, and congenital or oral routes. The latter mode has received considerable attention recently. In this assay, we evaluate the survival of Trypanosoma cruzi contaminating sugar cane used to prepare juice, as well as the viability and capacity for infection by the parasite after recovery. Thirty triatomines were contaminated with T. cruzi Y strain and 45 days later pieces of sugar cane were contaminated with the intestinal contents of the insects. The pieces were ground at different intervals after contamination (time=0, 1, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours) and the juice extracted and analyzed. Different methods were used to show T. cruzi in the juice: direct analysis, hematocrit tube centrifugation and QBC, and experimental inoculation in 47 female BALB/c mice (five control mice and seven mice for each interval examined (five inoculated orally and two intraperitoneally). Positive results were found using the direct analysis and QBC methods for juice prepared up to 12 hours after initial contamination. However, by the centrifugation technique, positivity was found only up to four hours after contamination of the sugar cane. Inoculated animals showed parasitemia during a 14 day observation period, demonstrating the high survival rate of T. cruzi in sugar cane.

Survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in sugar cane used to prepare juice / Avaliação da sobrevida de Trypanosoma cruzi em cana de açúcar utilizada no preparo do caldo

Chagas disease can be transmitted to man by many different means, including contact with infected triatomine feces, blood transfusion, laboratory accidents, organ transplants, and congenital or oral routes. The latter mode has received considerable attention recently. In this assay, we evaluate the survival of Trypanosoma cruzi contaminating sugar cane used to prepare juice, as well as the viability and capacity for infection by the parasite after recovery. Thirty triatomines were contaminated with T. cruzi Y strain and 45 days later pieces of sugar cane were contaminated with the intestinal contents of the insects. The pieces were ground at different intervals after contamination (time = 0, 1, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours) and the juice extracted and analyzed. Different methods were used to show T. cruzi in the juice: direct analysis, hematocrit tube centrifugation and QBC, and experimental inoculation in 47 female BALB/c mice (five control mice and seven mice for each interval examined (five inoculated orally and two intraperitoneally). Positive results were found using the direct analysis and QBC methods for juice prepared up to 12 hours after initial contamination. However, by the centrifugation technique, positivity was found only up to four hours after contamination of the sugar cane. Inoculated animals showed parasitemia during a 14 day observation period, demonstrating the high survival rate of T. cruzi in sugar cane.

A doença de Chagas pode ser transmitida ao homem através de vários mecanismos: fezes de triatomíneo infectado; transfusão sangüínea; acidente em laboratório; transplante de órgão; vias congênita ou oral convindo salientar que esta última tem motivado ocorrências recentemente. Neste estudo procuramos avaliar a sobrevida de Trypanosoma cruzi presente em cana de açúcar contaminada com o parasita, utilizada no preparo do caldo e, também, a viabilidade e a capacidade de infecção do parasita depois de ser recuperado. Trinta triatomíneos foram contaminados com a cepa Y de T. cruzi; após 45 dias realizamos a contaminação de pedaços de cana de açúcar com o conteúdo intestinal dos insetos. Estes pedaços foram moídos em diferentes tempos: no início (tempo 0) e após 1, 4, 6, 12 e 24 horas da contaminação e o caldo extraído foi analisado por diferentes métodos: direto, centrifugação em tubo de hematócrito, QBC. Este caldo contaminado foi inoculado em 47 camundongos machos BALB/c, sendo cinco controles (com caldo de cana limpo) e sete para cada tempo estudado (cinco inoculados pela via oral e dois pela intraperitoneal). Na análise direta e no QBC obtivemos resultados positivos até 12 horas e, na centrifugação, ocorreu positividade somente até as quatro horas. As parasitemias dos animais inoculados foram todas positivas em um período de 14 dias de observação, demonstrando alto grau de sobrevivência do T. cruzi na cana de açúcar.

Avaliação da eficácia da azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados por cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii / Evaluation of the efficacy of azithromycin and pyrimethamine, for treatment of experimental infection of mice with Toxoplasma gondii cystogenic strain

Foi avaliada a eficácia da administração prolongada de azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados com cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii. Os animais foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com um cisto de T. gondii e, após 20 dias, divididos em quatro grupos: GI infectados não tratados, GII infectados e tratados concomitantemente com pirimetamina (12,5mg/kg/dia) e azitromicina (100mg/kg/dia), GIII infectados e tratados com a mesma dose de pirimetamina e GIV infectados e tratados da mesma forma com azitromicina. O tratamento, via oral, estendeu-se por 120 dias; após este período os animais foram sacrificados e foi feita a contagem dos cistos no cérebro. A associação de ambos os medicamentos proporcionou melhores resultados, diminuindo a contagem de cistos no cérebro dos animais tratados de forma concomitante.

[Evaluation of the efficacy of azithromycin and pyrimethamine, for treatment of experimental infection of mice with Toxoplasma gondii cystogenic strain]. / Avaliação da eficácia da azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados por cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii.

The efficacy of prolonged administration of azithromycin and pyrimethamine was evaluated in mice experimentally infected with cystogenic strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with one cyst of T. gondii and after 20 days were allocated into four groups: GI, infected without treatment; GII, infected and treated with the association of pyrimethamine (12.5 mg/kg/day) and azithromycin (100 mg/kg/day); GIII, infected and treated with the same dose of pyrimethamine; and GIV, infected and treated in the same way with azithromycin. The oral treatment lasted 120 days, after this period all the animals were sacrificed and the count of cysts in the brain was done. The association of both drugs provided the best results, by diminishing the cyst count in the brain of the animals treated in this way.